Category Archives: Hokkien

Taiwan’s first written language — in romanization

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About 80 percent of the “Sinkang Manuscripts” (新港文書) have been deciphered in the ongoing collaboration project between Academia Sinica‘s Institute of Taiwan History and Institute of History and Philology. These documents, in the language of the Siraya people, were written in a romanization system devised by the Dutch colonists in Taiwan in the seventeenth century. Although the Dutch were forced out of Taiwan in the 1660s, writing in this system continued for at least 150 years.

The name Siraya, however, has been applied to the people of that group only since the period of Japanese rule (1895-1945). It was derived from the group’s pronunciation of the word for “I.” The documents get their name from Sinkang Sia, the largest Siraya settlement near the Dutch stronghold Fort Zeelandia.

click for an image of the first page of the Book of Matthew in SirayaMost of the documents are records of land contracts and business transactions. Some are bilingual: in Siraya and Dutch, or Siraya and Chinese. One long bilingual document is a translation by the Dutch of the Book of Matthew.

One of the articles cited below states, “The orthography of the Sinkang Manuscripts also embodies a vestige of 17th-century Europe where the italic style of lettering was still unknown in Dutch and Germanic writings.” This sample, however, makes me wonder. Any paleographers or font specialists out there?

The manuscripts also show that some words were borrowed from Hoklo, the Sinitic language now often referred to as Taiwanese

a transcript of a Siraya document: transcript of bilingual Siraya, Chinese document

sources:

too many romanization systems for Taiwanese in textbooks, say critics

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Groups favoring the promotion of Taiwanese (also called Hokkien, Hoklo, Minnan, and all sorts of other names) are urging Taiwan’s Ministry of Education to come to a consensus on what phonetic system should be used to teach it, according to an article in the Taipei Times.

The article, however, is a bit confused in its facts, so I’m presenting it for what it’s worth and hoping commenters here can help set matters straight. Certainly, though, the variety of systems — and for some of these I use the word loosely — being used in textbooks is a hindrance to effective teaching of the language.

Some might be surprised to know that Tongyong Pinyin is not Taiwan’s official romanization system for Taiwanese, though its schemes were approved for Mandarin and Hakka. I tend to think of Tongyong for Mandarin as more of a nationalist marketing scheme than a romanization. I know there are more than a few people who hold the same view of Tongyong for Taiwanese.

As long as I’m on the subject, I’d like to remind people that, despite the misinformation that has been spread by some of its supporters, Tongyong is not one system that covers all the languages of Taiwan.

Native-language interest groups yesterday urged the Ministry of Education to speed up the creation of a unified phonetic system for the Hoklo language (commonly known as Taiwanese) to preserve Taiwanese culture.

Lee Shang-hsien (???), director of the Taiwan Pik Hap Cultural Association which promotes the Hoklo language, said that different versions of elementary school Hoklo textbooks used three different phonetic systems.

At the moment, Hoklo text books use either Tongyong pinyin, the Hanyu Romanization system, or the Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet (TLPA).

Lee said that the three systems did not reflect regional Hoklo accents, and added that the Hoklo language could not be preserved and passed on to the next generation without a unified phonetic system.

Language teacher Su Huang-hung (???) said that Hoklo originally had eight tones, but due to the similarity of the second and sixth tones, most phonetic systems regarded Hoklo as a seven-tone language.

Using the Tongyong pinyin system reduces Hoklo to only five tones, Su said.

In addition, Hoklo pronunciation changes according to syntactic context, she added.

However, Tongyong pinyin marks these cases as variant pronunciations, creating a situation in which many students do not know the original pronunciation of the words they study, Su said.

Hanyu pinyin and the TLPA are almost entirely identical, since the TLPA system was derived from Hanyu pinyin by the Ministry of Education many years ago, said Lu Ching-ching (???), a member of the ministry’s Native Language Promotion Committee.

Lu said there were similarities among the three systems, and that all three have advantages and disadvantages.

The committee’s main problem was to reach a consensus and decide on one system or to incorporate the three systems into one, she said.

Discussions are still taking place at the ministry on unifying the phonetic system, Lu added.

Huang Yu-chi (???), director of the Taiwan Association for Students Abroad, said that many overseas Taiwanese return during summer and winter vacations and hope to learn their mother tongue, but the lack of a unified phonetic system makes it difficult for them to do so.

Other representatives said that not only students, but also foreigners and foreign spouses need to learn Hoklo and are in need of a unified system.

source: Culture groups urge ministry to expedite Hoklo writing rules, Taipei Times, February 23, 2006

one book, two languages, three systems

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Another discovery at the recent book show was that the Taiwan Church Press has issued three editions of Streams in the Desert: one in a Mandarin translation in Chinese characters, one in a Taiwanese translation in a mixed orthography (mainly Chinese characters, with some romanization), and one in Taiwanese completely in romanization.

Streams in the Desert, a book of devotionals, was written in English by Lettie Cowman, better known as “Mrs. Charles E. Cowman.” Her husband was the founder of the Oriental Missionary Society, which today goes by the name of OMS International. The Cowmans did missionary work in Japan in the early twentieth century.

A representative of the press told me that for every ten copies of the Mandarin version, the company sells two or three of the mixed-script Taiwanese version and one copy of the fully romanized Taiwanese edition.

The fully romanized version sells mainly to people who want to learn Taiwanese rather than those who already speak it, he told me. Its recent publication was an experiment, he added. But I forgot to ask the obvious: Does the press consider the experiment a success?

covers of three editions of 'Streams in the Desert,' as translated into Mandarin and Taiwanese
(from left to right: mixed-script Taiwanese, Mandarin in Chinese characters, and fully romanized Taiwanese)

crossword puzzles in Taiwanese

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logo of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan newletter, 1926

At the display for the Taiwan Church Press at the Taipei International Book Exhibition I came across a number of interesting works. The press has issued a 70-volume set of the collected newsletters of the Presbyterian Church of Taiwan. (University and research libraries, take note! So far no sets — NT$150,000 (US$4,600) each — have been sold to America or Europe.) The Presbyterian Church has long been an advocate of the rights of the people of Taiwan to speak Taiwanese without oppression, write in Taiwanese (including in romanization), and enjoy other political and human rights.

The newsletter, which dates back well into the nineteenth century, was written in romanized Taiwanese until 1969, when the KMT forced a change to Mandarin in Chinese characters. While flipping through a volume of the newsletters from the 1920s, I was startled to see that crossword puzzles in Taiwanese were a regular feature. (Click the thumbnail for a larger image.)

click for fullsize image of crossword puzzle in Taiwanese

It’s one thing to have read of the novels, poems, religious material, and technical manuals written in Taiwanese, it’s another to see something so human and familiar leap out from the page. This really helped bring home for me how much has been lost, especially in terms of opportunities, because of the suppression of romanized Taiwanese, first by the Japanese and then by the KMT.

Interestingly, if you look at the answers below, you’ll see that each of the boxes is meant to be filled in with not an individual letter but with syllabic units.

completed crossword puzzle in Taiwanese, from 1926

I’ve tried my hand at creating some crosswords in Mandarin using Hanyu Pinyin, but in individual-letter, not syllabic style. This is a little tricky. In English, all letters of the alphabet can appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a word. That’s not so in Mandarin as written in Pinyin. The letters i and u, for example, never come at the beginning of a word. And no word ends with anything other than a, e, i, o, u, g, n, or r. (I’ll finish some of those crosswords one of these days, Gus!)

It would be easier to make a crossword puzzle using bastardized Wade-Giles because that has fewer letters but also more finals. But of course not as many people would be interested in solving it, me included.

For even more on the issue of the romanization of Taiwanese, see the Taiwan section of De-Sinification.

‘language with no boundaries’

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I read today that scientists in Japan have demonstrated that paddy birds are able to distinguish between English and Mandarin — well, at least if they’re given an incentive to do so. The researchers didn’t use Japanese because the birds were already used to hearing that language.

This might have implications beyond just the category of “hmm, researchers have been spending a lot of time playing recordings of English and Mandarin Chinese translations of Genji Monogatari (The Tale of Genji) and Wagahai wa Neko de Aru (I Am a Cat)(?!) to birds.”

“Humans are able to distinguish between languages, even ones they don’t know, from the intonation and pronunciation, and it seems that paddy birds have the same ability,” [Keio University professor Shigeru] Watanabe said. “If we study common traits, such as brain structure, this may shed light on the mechanisms of speech recognition.”

According to the article, monkeys, mice, and other mammals have already been shown to have the ability to distinguish between a variety of languages, but this is “the first time that birds have been scientifically found to possess the same ability.”

Mammals distinguishing between languages brings to mind the much-reported efforts of the PRC to push some pandas on Taiwan, which took a turn toward the silly last month when China announced the pandas were being “taught” Taiwanese/Hoklo/Hokkien (or the Minnan dialect [sic], as China likes to refer to it).

“We began our language training with songs because music is a language with no boundaries,” said Li, the 25-year-old keeper who has taken care of No.19 since he was born.

“Girls are more gifted than boys in learning languages,” said Xu, No.16’s keeper, adding that the female cub began to react when they translated her nickname Huangmao Yatou (meaning a chit of girl in Chinese) into Minnan dialect.

“No. 19, however, is too naughty to study,” said Li….

“We immediately started our training program because the two cubs not only need to adapt themselves to the climate and geographical environment of the tropical island, but also to understand the language of their new keepers and visitors,” said Li Desheng, director assistant of the center.

“It’s not an easy task for the pandas as they are already familiar with the Sichuan dialect of their current keepers. They need more time to improve,” said Li Desheng.

China’s strained claims that this isn’t all one big propaganda ploy hit an especially rocky patch about a week ago when the results of a nationwide vote for the pandas’ names were announced. The winning names are Tuántuán and Yuányuán, more examples of reduplication in naming.

The source of these names is the Mandarin word tuányuán (?? / ??), which means “reunify.”

Fat chance Taiwan will accept them now.

Supposedly 100 million people voted in the name-selection process. Maybe it’s true. There are probably at least that many people there who would love a chance to vote for something.

sources:

Just a cartoon. Not to be taken seriously.
It's a cartoon. Not to be taken seriously.

sad state of ‘native-language education’ in Taiwan

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Today’s Taipei Times has an interesting article on the state of teaching Taiwan’s “native languages.” (This means Taiwanese (a.k.a. Hokkien, Minnan, etc.), Hakka, and the languages of Taiwan’s tribes, but not Mandarin.) From the look of things, the government has basically botched the situation, despite having thrown twice as much money toward these languages as is being spent on English.

Although some of the problems and expenses are to be expected, given how new this is and how much resistance there has been from conservative forces, I’d say that things are still far from acceptable. A large part of the problem is that the government can’t even decide on a script for these languages: sometimes romanization (various systems), sometimes Chinese characters, sometimes zhuyin. It’s a mess.

No progress in native-language education has been made in schools despite the central government promising to encourage local culture and language education three years ago, native-language teachers said yesterday.

Liu Feng-chi (???), director of the Taiwan Association of Mother Language Teachers and a teacher of Hoklo (also known as Taiwanese), said he felt cheated that the government had “not taken in any of our suggestions to improve native-language education in school” over the past three years.

Liu said the Ministry of Education had not put much effort into reform nor native-language education. Classes in schools were not being planned carefully and lack continuity, he said.

“Classes [for native languages] should continue after elementary school so that students can keep learning the languages in junior high,” Liu said.

Association executive director Huang Hsiu-jen (???) said teachers of Hoklo are being “reselected” every year and must undergo a “disrespectful” selection process.

Huang said the selection committee was sometimes composed of teachers who did not speak Hoklo themselves.

“The selection team tends to choose young Hoklo teachers who can sing and dance in class, while older teachers like us end up with no job,” Huang said.

Liu also said that the salary for teachers was based on the number of hours worked in a week and that the hourly wage was a mere NT$320.

Furthermore, native language teachers are called “assistant teachers,” and schools do not provide them with health insurance, Liu added.

The association also expressed concern that many schools were using the time reserved for language classes to teach other subjects, and that many language teachers were required to teach mathematics or science as well.

Meanwhile, Perng Fuh-yuan (???), section chief at the ministry’s Department of Elementary Education, said there are more than 300,000 children learning native languages in the country.

Perng said the selection process applied not only to language teachers but to teachers in general, and that former language teachers were added to the selection committee to provide specialist advice.

“It is hard for students to continue native-language classes in junior high school under all of the exam pressure,” he said. “However, schools have tried to incorporate these languages into extracurricular activities connected to the school, such as Hoklo language clubs.”

The ministry spends NT$400 million (US$11.9 million) annually on native-language courses, while English classes have NT$200 million per year in funding. Elementary school students are required to take at least one period of native-tongue classes per week.

Taiwan’s native tongues include Hoklo, Hakka and a variety of Aboriginal languages.

source: Native-language teachers lash ‘disrespectful’ ministry, Taipei Times, November 18, 2005.

Fujian gov’t proposes rules against local languages, certain uses of Pinyin

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The government of China’s Fujian Province is calling for official suppression of the use of languages other than Mandarin, though Mandarin is not native to that region, and for Chinese characters to be seen as more important than Pinyin and foreign languages.

The scope of this is about as broad as I’ve ever seen. The basics are roughly these:

  • Thou shalt not write in Sinitic languages other than Mandarin and in other than officially standard characters.
  • Thou shalt not even speak thy mother tongue, if it be not Mandarin, at work in the broadly defined public sphere other than in a few limited contexts.
  • Thou shalt have no other script lest thou also employ Chinese characters, which must be made larger than all others.

Wǒ shěng lìfǎ guīfàn yǔyán wénzì, xiāngguān bànfǎ cǎo’àn tíjiāo shěng Rén-Dà chángwěihuì shěnyì

《Fújiàn shěng shíshī 《Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó tōngyòng yǔyán wénzì fǎ》 bànfǎ》 (cǎo’àn） zuórì tíjiāo shěng 10 jiè Rén-Dà chángwěihuì dì 20 cì huìyì shěnyì. Zhè bù dìfāngxìng fǎguī (cǎo’àn） míngquè guīdìng, guójiā jīguān gōngzuò rényuán zài bàngōng, huìyì, miànduì shèhuì gōngkāi jiǎnghuà děng gōngwù huódòng shí yīngdāng shǐyòng Pǔtōnghuà.

Bànfǎ (cǎo’àn） lièchū le tuīguǎng Pǔtōnghuà hé tuīxíng guīfàn Hànzì de 4 dà zhòngdiǎn lǐngyù:
(yī） guójiā jīguān gōngwù yòngyǔ yòngzì;
(èr） jiàoyù jīgòu de jiàoyù jiàoxué yòngyǔ yòngzì;
(sān） dàzhòng méitǐ, Hànyǔ wén chūbǎnwù, xìnxī jìshù chǎnpǐn de yòngyǔ yòngzì;
(sì） gōnggòng fúwù hángyè, gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ de yòngyǔ yòngzì.

Bànfǎ (cǎo’àn） guīdìng, xuéxiào jí qítā jiàoyù jīgòu yǐ Pǔtōnghuà wèi jīběn de jiàoyù jiàoxué yòngyǔ. Guǎngbō diàntái, diànshìtái de bōyīn, zhǔchí hé cǎifǎng, yǐng-shì, Hànyǔ wén yīnxiàng diànzǐ chūbǎnwù yīngdāng shǐyòng Pǔtōnghuà. Shāngyè, jīnróng, lǚyóu, wénhuà, tǐyù, yīliáo wèishēng, tiělù, mínháng, chéngshì jiāotōng, yóuzhèng, diànxìn, bǎoxiǎn děng gōnggòng fúwù hángyè, yǐjí gèlèi huìyì, zhǎnlǎn, dàxíng huódòng de fāyánrén, jiěshuōyuán yīngdāng yǐ Pǔtōnghuà wèi jīběn gōngzuò yòngyǔ. Tóngshí guīdìng, zài zhíxíng gōngwù shí yùdào wúfǎ yòng Pǔtōnghuà jìnxíng jiāoliú de duìxiàng shí, jīng pīzhǔn shǐyòng fāngyán bōyīn de shěng nèi guǎngbō, diànshìtái de yǒuguān jiémù yòngyǔ, kěyǐ bù shǐyòng Pǔtōnghuà. Duì Xiāng Gǎng, Àomén, Táiwān tóngbāo yǐjí Qiáobāo de liánluò hé jiēdài, yǔ Xiāng Gǎng, Àomén tèbié xíngzhèngqū hé Táiwān dìqū jīngjì, wénhuà, jiàoyù, kējì, tǐyù, wèishēng děng lǐngyù de jiāoliú huódòng, gēnjù xūyào kě[yǐ] shǐyòng xiāngguān fāngyán. Dìfang xìqǔ, fāngyán gēqǔ děng shǔyú mínzú mínjiān chuántǒng wénhuà bǎohù de huódòng yǐjí fāngyán yánjiū kě[yǐ] shǐyòng fāngyán.

Zài guīfàn yòngzì fāngmiàn, bànfǎ (cǎo’àn） guīdìng, guójiā jīguān de gōngwù yòngzì, yǐng-shì píngmù yòngzì, gōnggòng fúwù hángyè yòngzì, Hànyǔ wén chūbǎnwù, dìmíng, jiànzhùwù biāozhì děng yòngzì yīngdāng shǐyòng guīfàn Hànzì. Rénmíng yòngzì yīngdāng fúhé guójiā Hànzì rénmíng guīfàn hé gōng’ān jīguān yǒuguān guīdìng.

Zài gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ de yòngzì bùdé dāndú shǐyòng wàiguó wénzì huò Hànyǔ Pīnyīn. Xūyào pèihé shǐyòng wàiguó wénzì huò Hànyǔ Pīnyīn de, yīngdāng cǎiyòng yǐ guīfàn Hànzì wéizhǔ, wàiguó wénzì huò Hànyǔ Pīnyīn wèi fǔ de xíngshì, guīfàn Hànzì de zìtǐ yīng dàyú wàiguó wénzì huò Hànyǔ Pīnyīn; wàiguó wénzì jí yìwén huò Hànyǔ Pīnyīn yào zuòdào guīfàn hé biāozhǔn.

我省立法规范语言文字，相关办法草案提交省人大常委会审议

本报福州讯 （记者 田家鹏）《福建省实施《中华人民共和国通用语言文字法》办法》（草案）昨日提交省十届人大常委会第二十次会议审议。这部地方性法规（草案）明确规定，国家机关工作人员在办公、会议、面对社会公开讲话等公务活动时应当使用普通话。

办法（草案）列出了推广普通话和推行规范汉字的四大重点领域：
（一）国家机关公务用语用字；
（二）教育机构的教育教学用语用字；
（三）大众媒体、汉语文出版物、信息技术产品的用语用字；
（四）公共服务行业、公共场所的用语用字。

办法（草案）规定，学校及其他教育机构以普通话为基本的教育教学用语。广播电台、电视台的播音、主持和采访，影视，汉语文音像电子出版物应当使用普通话。商业、金融、旅游、文化、体育、医疗卫生、铁路、民航、城市交通、邮政、电信、保险等公共服务行业，以及各类会议、展览、大型活动的发言人、解说员应当以普通话为基本工作用语。同时规定，在执行公务时遇到无法用普通话进行交流的对象时，经批准使用方言播音的省内广播、电视台的有关节目用语，可以不使用普通话。对香港、澳门、台湾同胞以及侨胞的联络和接待，与香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区经济、文化、教育、科技、体育、卫生等领域的交流活动，根据需要可使用相关方言。地方戏曲、方言歌曲等属于民族民间传统文化保护的活动以及方言研究可使用方言。

在规范用字方面，办法（草案）规定，国家机关的公务用字、影视屏幕用字、公共服务行业用字、汉语文出版物、地名、建筑物标志等用字应当使用规范汉字。人名用字应当符合国家汉字人名规范和公安机关有关规定。

在公共场所的用字不得单独使用外国文字或汉语拼音。需要配合使用外国文字或汉语拼音的，应当采用以规范汉字为主、外国文字或汉语拼音为辅的形式，规范汉字的字体应大于外国文字或汉语拼音；外国文字及译文或汉语拼音要做到规范和标准。

source: Gōngwùyuán bàngōng kāihuì yàoshuō Pǔtōnghuà (公务员办公开会要说普通话), Xiàmén Rìbào, November 16, 2005. I first spotted this at What’s On Xiamen.