Taiwan’s Ministry of Education has released a list of Chinese characters that can be used for writing common words in Taiwanese. (Note: PDF file.) I’ve provided a few examples at the end of this post.
The minister of education stated last week that students will not be tested on Chinese characters for Taiwanese, so I doubt there will be a widespread effort to learn these. Moreover, some of these characters are not presently in Unicode, making their use in practical applications at best difficult. (And even if they were in Unicode, that doesn’t mean fonts would include them or that a significant number of people would have such fonts.)
More characters and readings are to be released later. But since this list of just three hundred entries took the ministry four years to compile (not counting the many years various scholars worked on this before then), I don’t think anyone should be expecting much more to be released soon.
Here is the ministry’s press release on this.
關於臺ç£é–©å—èªžç”¨å—æ•´ï§¤å·¥ä½œï¼Œæœ¬æœƒè‡ªæ°‘國84年至92年已委託多ä½å¸è€…進行「閩å—語本å—ç ”ç©¶è¨ˆç•«ã€ï¼Œè¨ˆå¾—æˆæžœã€Šé–©å—語å—彙》8冊。åˆè‡ªæ°‘國90年至93年組織編輯委員會,編輯《臺ç£é–©å—語常用詞è¾å…¸ã€‹ã€‚民國92年本會é„å‰ä¸»ä»»å§”員良å‰ä¸¦ä¸»æŒã€Œè‡ºç£é–©å—語常用300詞用å—計畫å°çµ„ã€ï¼ˆ95年奉部長指示ï¤å為「整理臺ç£é–©å—語基本å—詞工作計畫å°çµ„ã€ï¼‰ï¼Œè˜è«‹å°ˆå®¶å¸è€…ç ”è°ç”¨å—å•題。本表所定用å—,係綜åˆä¸Šè¿°æˆæžœï¼Œä¸¦ç”±ã€Œæ•´ï§¤è‡ºç£é–©å—語基本å—詞工作計畫å°çµ„ã€å¬é–‹å¤šæ¬¡æœƒè°è¨‚定。
本表é‡å°è‡ºç£é–©å—語用å—ç´›æ§ä¹‹èªžè©žï¼Œç§‰æŒï§ æ•™ï§ å¸ï¨ï¨™ï¼Œå°Šé‡å‚³çµ±ç¿’用漢å—並兼顧音å—系統性,推薦é©ç”¨æ¼¢å—。其原則分述如下:
- 傳統習用原則:本表所é¸ç”¨ä¹‹æ¼¢å—多為民間傳統習用之通俗用å—,不ï¥å…¶ç‚ºæœ¬å—ã€è¨“用å—ã€å€ŸéŸ³å—或臺閩地å€å‰µç”¨ä¹‹æ¼¢å—å‡å±¬ä¹‹ã€‚如:
- 本å—:
臺ç£å‚³çµ±é–©å—語文所用漢å—多為傳統用å—,如:「山ã€ï¼ˆsuann)註ã€ã€Œæ°´ã€ï¼ˆtsuÃ)ã€ã€Œå¤©ã€ï¼ˆthinn)ç‰ã€‚部分詞語雖然在ç¾ä»£ä¸æ–‡èªžç¾©æˆ–用法已不盡相åŒï¼Œå¦‚:「箸ã€ï¼ˆtī,ç·å)ã€ã€Œæ²ƒã€ï¼ˆak,澆)ã€ã€Œï¨ˆã€ï¼ˆkiânn,走)ã€ã€Œèµ°ã€ï¼ˆtsáu,跑)ã€ã€Œå€©ã€ï¼ˆtshià nn,僱用)ã€ã€Œæ™ã€ï¼ˆuà nn,晚)ã€ã€Œé’盲ã€ï¼ˆtshenn-mê,失明)ã€ã€Œæ‰èª¿ã€ï¼ˆtsâi-tiÄu,本事)ç‰å¤æ¼¢èªžè©žï¼Œä¿å˜åœ¨è‡ºç£é–©å—語ä¸ï¼Œå…¶æ¼¢å—亦習用已久,本表基於尊é‡å‚³çµ±ï¼Œäº¦åŠ ä»¥æŽ¡ç”¨ã€‚
å¦å¤–,臺閩地å€ç‚ºå› 應閩å—語文書寫之需,亦常使用臺閩特殊漢å—,本表將æ¤ç¨®ã€Œè‡ºé–©å—ã€è¦–åŒã€Œæœ¬å—ã€ã€‚å…¶ä¸éƒ¨åˆ†ç”¨å—如:「å›ã€ï¼ˆkiánn,å©å)ã€ã€Œç²¿ã€ï¼ˆkuÃ©ï¼‰ç‰æ—©å·²æ”¶å…¥æ¼¢å—å…¸ä¸ï¼Œè‡ªç„¶æ–¹ï¥¥ä½¿ç”¨ï¼Œä½†éƒ¨åˆ†ç”¨å—å¦‚ï¼šã€Œäº»å› ã€[webmaster's note: written together as one character] (in,他們)ã€ã€Œ**ã€[webmaster's note: see PDF for these characters] (tshit-thô,éŠçŽ©ï¼‰ç‰å› 尚未收入漢語å—å…¸ä¸ï¼ŒUnicode亦尚未è¨å®šå—碼,或尚無å—型支æ´ï¼Œå¯æš«æ™‚使用本表推薦之「異用å—ã€ï¼Œæˆ–以臺ç£é–©å—語ï¤é¦¬å—拼音方案(臺ï¤ï¼‰æ›¸å¯«ã€‚- 訓用å—:
å€Ÿç”¨ä¸æ–‡æ¼¢å—之æ„義,而讀為閩å—語音者,如:「穿衫ã€ï¼ˆtshÄ«ng sann,穿衣æœï¼‰çš„「穿ã€ã€ã€Œä»”ã€ï¼ˆÃ¡ï¼‰ã€ã€Œç„¡ã€ï¼ˆbô)〠「瘦ã€ï¼ˆsán)ã€ã€Œæˆ‡ã€ï¼ˆgÅng)ã€ã€ŒæŒ–ã€ï¼ˆÃ³o/ué)ã€ã€Œæœƒã€ï¼ˆÄ“)ç‰å‡éžæœ¬å—,是為「訓用å—ã€ï¼Œäº¦ï¦œç‚ºæŽ¨è–¦ç”¨å—。- 借音å—:
借用漢å—之音或接近之音,而賦與閩å—語æ„義者,如:「嘛ã€ï¼ˆmÄ,也)ã€ã€Œä½³å“‰ã€ï¼ˆka-tsà i,幸虧)ã€ã€Œè†¨ã€ï¼ˆphòng,鼓起)ã€ã€Œç£…空ã€ï¼ˆpÅng-khang,山洞)的「磅ã€ç‰å‡éžæœ¬å—,是為「借音å—ã€ï¼Œäº¦ï¦œç‚ºæŽ¨è–¦ç”¨å—。- 音å—ç³»çµ±æ€§åŽŸå‰‡ï¼šå¦‚ç„¡å‚³çµ±ç¿’ç”¨æ¼¢å—æˆ–一å—多音ã€ä¸€éŸ³å¤šå—æƒ…å½¢ï¼Œå®¹ï§ ç”¢ç”Ÿæ··æ·†ï¼Œé€ æˆé–±ï¥šéšœç¤™æˆ–å¸ç¿’困難時,本表採用兩個解決辦法,分述如下:
- 若傳統通俗用å—å®¹ï§ ç”¢ç”Ÿæ··æ·†ï¼Œå‰‡æ”¹ç”¨è¯æ–‡ç¿’見之訓讀å—ã€‚å¦‚æ‰€æœ‰æ ¼ÃªåŠå–®ä½è©žÃªï¼Œå‚³çµ±ç”¨å—å‡å¯«æˆã€Œä¸ªã€ï¼Œé€ æˆã€Œä¸€ä¸ªã€å¯ä»¥ï¥šç‚ºtsiÌt-ê,也å¯ä»¥ï¥šç‚ºit–ê。故本表已將「个ã€å—定為單ä½è©žï¼Œå¦‚:tsiÌt-ê寫æˆã€Œä¸€ä¸ªã€ï¼Œè€Œæ‰€æœ‰æ ¼å‰‡è¨“ç”¨è¯æ–‡ä¹‹ã€Œçš„ã€ï¼Œå¦‚:it–ê則寫æˆã€Œä¸€çš„ã€ã€guá-ê寫æˆã€Œæˆ‘çš„ã€ã€‚
- 如以上通俗用å—ä»å¯èƒ½ç™¼ç”Ÿæ··æ·†æ™‚ï¼Œå‰‡å»ºè°æŽ¡ç”¨å¤æ¼¢å—。如:「毋ã€ï¼ˆm̄,不)ã€ã€Œä½‡ã€ï¼ˆtī,在)ã€ã€Œåª ã€ï¼ˆsuÃ,美)ã€ã€Œå›¥ã€ï¼ˆkhǹg,放)ã€ã€Œè·¤ã€ï¼ˆkha,腳)ã€ã€Œè “ã€ï¼ˆbáng,蚊å)ã€ã€Œæ¿Ÿã€ï¼ˆtsē,多)以åŠã€Œå¼ã€ï¼ˆháu,å“)ã€ã€Œèª ã€ï¼ˆtsiânn,很)ã€ã€Œå†—ã€ï¼ˆlÄ«ng,鬆)ç‰ã€‚
Here are nine entries from the list of three hundred.
| 建議用字 | 音讀 | 又音 | 對應華語 | 用例 | 異用字 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| recommended character | pronunciation | alternate reading | corresponding Mandarin | example | different wording |
| 目 | ba̍k | 眼 | 目鏡、目眉 | ||
| 蠓 | bang | 蚊子 | 蠓仔、蠓罩 | 蚊 | |
| 蠻皮 | bân-phuê | bân-phê, bân-phêr | 頑強不化 | 你真蠻皮 | 慢皮 |
| 捌 | bat | pat | 認識、曾經 | 捌字、捌去 | |
| 欲 | beh | bueh, berh | 要、如果、快要 | 欲食飯、欲知、強欲 | 要、卜 |
| 微 | bî | 微、細小、輕微 | 風微微仔吹、微微仔笑 | ||
| 面 | bīn | 臉、面 | 面色、面熟 | ||
| 明仔載 | bîn-á-tsài | miâ-á-tsài, bîn-nà-tsài | 明天、明日 | 明仔載會好天 | 明仔再、明旦載 |
| 無 | bô | 無、沒有 | 無錢、無閒 |
sources:
- TáiwÄn MÇnnányÇ” Hà nzì zhÄ« xuÇŽnyòng yuánzé (臺ç£é–©å—語漢å—之é¸ç”¨åŽŸå‰‡), Taiwan Ministry of Education, May 30, 2007 — PDF
- TáiwÄn MÇnnányÇ” tuÄ«jià n yòngzì (dì 1 pÄ«) (臺ç£é–©å—語推薦用å—(第1批)), Taiwan Ministry of Education, May 30, 2007 — 532 KB PDF
- MÇnnányÇ” Hà nzì gÇŽo dìng! “阮ç¿é€£éžå€©å·¥äººæ‘’清氣” kà ndÇ’ng le ma? (é–©å—èªžæ¼¢å—æžå®šï¼ã€€ã€Œé˜®ç¿é€£éžå€©å·¥äººæ‘’清氣ã€çœ‹æ‡‚了嗎?), ET Today, May 30, 2007
- Hà oshà 4 nián zhÄ›nglÇ Jià oyùbù gÅngbù MÇnnányÇ” 300 tuÄ«jià n yòngzì (耗時4å¹´æ•´ç† æ•™éƒ¨å…¬å¸ƒé–©å—語300推薦用å—), CNA, May 30, 2007
- Jià oyùbù gÅngbù MÇnnányÇ” 300 zì tuÄ«jià n yòngzì — kÇŽlÄ OK yòngzì yÄ› bèi xuÇŽnyòng (教育部公布閩å—語300å—æŽ¨è–¦ç”¨å—ã€€å¡æ‹‰OK用å—也被é¸ç”¨), ET Today, May 30, 2007
- BiÄn yán 4 nián MÇnnányÇ” chángyòng 300 cà zhÅngyú “稿” dìng (ç·¨ç ”å››å¹´ é–©å—語常用300詞 終於「稿ã€å®š), China Times, May 30, 2007
- Jià oyùbù MÇnnányÇ” yòngcà — Hóng Xiù-zhù: xiÄ› zuòwén gÄ›i bùjÇ fÄ“n? (教部閩å—語用詞–洪秀柱:寫作文給ä¸çµ¦åˆ†ï¼Ÿ), CNA, May 31, 2007
David on Formosa said
Thanks for posting this. I read the news about it last week and was curious to see the list.
While I think it is important to have a standard character set for Hoklo Taiwanese, if the government is really serious about promoting the language it must use some form of romanisation.
site admin said
David, I quite agree. Also, your comment reminds me that in this entry I neglected to add a link to last month’s release by the MOE of a booklet on romanization for Taiwanese.
michael farris said
Not only romanization but a distinctive form of romanization that doesn’t look like warmed-over pinyin (IMHO there’s at least anecdotal evidence that a distinctive appearance can help a minority orthography) I’d go for the church orthography (perhaps slightly tweaked) since it has a distinct look and has the most tradition (IINM).
carstairs barclay said
I can’t tell from these posts on Taiwanese if you are actually studying the Taiwanese language, but in any case I thought that I’d send you the links for some grammar and vocabulary materials I’ve been putting together for English-speaking students of Taiwanese. You’re welcome to take a look at what I have so far:
http://taiwanesegrammar.wordpress.com/
http://taiwanesevocabulary.wordpress.com/
Cheers,
CB