In 1995 a joint Sino-Japanese archaeological expedition excavated a Niya burial ground and found a bowman’s armband in the tomb of a “beautifully dressed Europoid couple” (i.e., definitely not Han). Although it’s nearly two thousand years old, it’s remarkably well preserved, even in its colors.
The text (right to left) reads “wǔxīng chū dōngfāng lì Zhōngguó” (五星出東方利中國 / 五星出东方利中国 ) (“when the five planets appear in the east it is beneficial for China”).
As David W. Pankenier — the author of Popular Astrology and Border Affairs in Early China: An Archaeological Confirmation (2.3 MB PDF), the latest rerelease from Sino-Platonic Papers — notes, “One could hardly ask for more eloquent testimony to the pervasiveness of astrological thinking in early China than this accessory from one of the remotest frontiers of the empire.” (See his paper for all sorts of details.)
As I suppose befits something on the subject of astrology, some superstitious people in China latched onto the phrase as a prophecy of the greatness of the People’s Republic of China (whose flag has five stars). The text, however, doesn’t refer to wǔ [kē] xīng (“five stars”) but to the wǔxīng (“the five planets”), which people these days might call the wǔ dà xīngxing (“five greater stars”). But superstitious nationalists aren’t known for letting facts get in the way of what they want to believe.
The five planets are:
- 火星 Huǒxīng Mars (lit. “fire star”)
- 水星 Shuǐxīng Mercury (“water star”)
- 木星 Mùxīng Jupiter (“wood star”)
- 金星 Jīnxīng Venus (“metal star”)
- 土星 Tǔxīng Saturn (“earth star”)
Those in beginning Mandarin classes are no doubt grateful that for days of the week modern standard Mandarin has adopted what is mainly a numbering system (i.e., lǐbàiyī, lǐbài’èr, lǐbàisān… — day of the week no. 1, day of the week no. 2, day of the week no. 3 …) rather than the old names, which use the names of the planets (along with the sun and moon). Students of Japanese aren’t so lucky.
Or maybe I’ve got that backward; many who study languages that use Chinese characters as a script have more than a bit of masochism.
Haha I believe I’ve seen or heard of this somewhere else before and some people claim the ?? wuxing (five stars) refers to the five stars on the PRC flag XD
Great analysis, but what I’d like to know, as much as anything else, was who this couple was, or is saying that they were ‘Europoid’ just shorthand for ‘anything but Han’?? If not, I’m certainly unaware of any Europeans in China ~1500 years before Marco Polo! Just curious…
Thousands of years ago Caucasians lived in what is now part of the People’s Republic of China. (See, for example, the Tarim mummies.) It’s a fascinating subject, with much yet to be learned. One of the main obstacles, however, is the PRC government itself, which likes to assert that every speck of territory it now claims is now and has always been “Chinese.” So the presence of such mummies has proven an inconvenient truth.