Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography

Contents

1. Pronunciation
   1. The Alphabet
   2. Simple Vowels and Tones
      1. Simple Vowels
      2. Tones and Tone Markers
      3. Writing i, u and ü as Individual Syllables
   3. The Consonants b, p, m, and f
      1. Pronunciation
      2. Spelling and Words
      3. The Neutral Tone
   4. Double Vowels: ai, ei, ao, and ou
      1. Pronunciation
      2. Placement of the Tone Marker
      3. Spelling and Words
   5. The Consonants d, t, n, and l
      1. Pronunciation
      2. Spelling and Words
      3. Tone Modification in Reading
   6. Vowels in Combination With Nasal Consonants: an, en, ang, eng and ong
      1. pronunciation
      2. Spelling and Words
      3. Syllable Separation and the Apostrophe
   7. The Consonants g, k, and h
      1. Pronunciation
      2. Spelling and Words
      3. Tone Modification in Reading (continued)
   8. Vowel Constructions with u: ua, uo, uai, uei, uan, uen, uang and ueng
      1. Pronunciation
      2. Spelling and Words
      3. The u-Constructions as Independent Syllables
   9. The Consonants z, c, and s
      1. Pronunciation
      2. Spelling and Words
      3. z, c, s and Their Apical Vowel
   10. The Consonants zh, ch, sh, and r
       1. Pronunciation
       2. Spelling and Words
       3. zh, ch, sh, r and Their Apical Vowel
   11. Vowel Constructions with i: ia, ie, iao, iou, ian, iang, in, ing, and iong
       1. Pronunciation
       2. Spelling and Words
       3. The i-Constructions as Independent Syllables
   12. The Consonants j, q and x
       1. Pronunciation
       2. Spelling and Words
       3. r-Suffixed Syllables
   13. Vowel Constructions with ü: üe, üan and ün
       1. Pronunciation
       2. Spelling and words
       3. The ü-Constructions as Independent Syllables
   14. Initials, Finals, and Table of Syllables
       1. Initials
       2. Finals
       3. Table of Syllables
2. Orthography
   1. Common Nouns
      1. Introduction
      2. Simple Nouns
      3. Nouns with Prefixes
      4. Nouns with Suffixes
      5. Reduplicated Nouns
      6. Nouns of Modifier-Modified Construction sample section
      7. Nouns of Coordinate Construction
      8. Nouns of Verb-Object and Subject-Predicate Construction
      9. Locational Nouns
      10. Nouns of Time
      11. Noun Phrases that Express a Single Concept
   2. Proper Nouns
      1. Introduction
      2. Place Names
      3. Personal Names sample section
      4. Transliteration of Foreign Place Names and Personal Names sample section
      5. Other Proper Nouns
      6. Proper Nouns in Combination with Common Nouns
   3. Pronouns
      1. Personal Pronouns
      2. Demonstrative Pronouns
      3. Interrogative Pronouns
   4. Numerals and Measure Words Numerals
      1. Whole Numbers
      2. Ordinals, Fractions, Decimals and Multiples
      3. Approximate Numerals
      4. Written Forms of the Numeral yi Measure Words
      5. Noun Measure Words
      6. Verb Measure Words
   5. Verbs
      1. Categories of Verbs
      2. Tenses
      3. Verb Reduplication
      4. Verb-Object Constructions
      5. Verb-Complement Constructions sample section
      6. Modal Verb
      7. Directional Verbs
      8. The Verb shi
      9. The Verb you
   6. Adjectives
      1. Introduction
      2. Simple Adjectives
      3. Adjectives Formed Through Affixation
      4. Reduplicated Adjectives
      5. Coordinate-Compound Adjectives
      6. Modifier-Modified Adjectives
   7. Adverbs
      1. Categories of Adverbs
      2. Adverb Structure
      3. Adverbs of Negation
      4. Other Common Adverbs
   8. Prepositions and Conjunctions
      • Prepositions
        1. Categories and Structure
        2. Usage and Written Forms
      • Conjunctions
        1. Categories and Structure
        2. Usage and Written Forms
   9. Particles, Interjections and Onomatopoeic Words
      1. Structural Particles
      2. Tense-Marking Particles
      3. Mood Particles
      4. Interjections
      5. Onomatopoeic Words
   10. Idioms and Classical Elements
       1. Four-Syllable Idioms
       2. Adages, Proverbs and Xiehouyu
       3. Classical Elements in Modern Chinese
   11. Sentences and Punctuation
       1. Sentence Components
       2. Categories of Sentences
       3. Punctuation Marks
       4. Use of the Hyphen; Abbreviation and Short Forms sample section
   12. Hanyu Pinyin in Application
       1. Prose
       2. Poetry
       3. Fiction
       4. Essay
       5. Science Writing

• Index
• Bibliography